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Scuba diving is a form of underwater diving where the diver uses a selfcontained underwater breathing apparatus scuba which is completely independent of surface. Download the free trial version below to get started. Doubleclick the downloaded file to install the software. Kilauea Mount Etna Mount Yasur Mount Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira Piton de la Fournaise Erta Ale. Scuba diving Wikipediadiving while breathing from self contained underwater breathing apparatus. Recreational scuba diver. Free Download Air Gear Season 2 Sub Indo' title='Free Download Air Gear Season 2 Sub Indo' />Hotwapi. Com is a mobile toplist for mobile web sites. We have over 2000 registered sites. On Monday, we learned that Microsoft was killing off the iconic Microsoft Paint program after 32 years and replacing it with Paint 3D in its upcoming Windows 10 update. What if you could throw a virtual party whenever you want that your friends from around the world could attend at a seconds notice Thats the idea behind. Free Download Menu. Play Download 373571242 2. Download Videos 279640300 3. Teacher Student 88617204. Diver taking photos of a shark. Scuba diving is a form of underwater diving where the diver uses a self contained underwater breathing apparatus scuba which is completely independent of surface supply, to breathe underwater. Scuba divers carry their own source of breathing gas, usually compressed air,2 allowing them greater independence and freedom of movement than surface supplied divers, and longer underwater endurance than breath hold divers. Club Paper Moon ??????. Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled, and consist of one or more diving cylinders containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a regulator. They may include additional cylinders for decompression gas or emergency breathing gas. Closed circuit or semi closed circuit rebreather scuba systems allow recycling of exhaled gases. The volume of gas used is reduced compared to that of open circuit therefore, a smaller cylinder or cylinders, may be used for an equivalent dive duration. Rebreathers extend the time spent underwater compared to open circuit for the same gas consumption, they produce fewer bubbles and less noise than scuba which makes them attractive to covert military divers to avoid detection, scientific divers to avoid disturbing marine animals, and media divers to avoid bubble interference. Scuba diving may be done recreationally or professionally in a number of applications, including scientific, military and public safety roles, but most commercial diving uses surface supplied diving equipment when this is practicable. Scuba divers engaged in armed forces covert operations may be referred to as frogmen, combat divers or attack swimmers. A scuba diver primarily moves underwater by using fins attached to the feet, but external propulsion can be provided by a diver propulsion vehicle, or a sled pulled from the surface. Other equipment includes a mask to improve underwater vision, exposure protection, equipment to control buoyancy, and equipment related to the specific circumstances and purpose of the dive. Some scuba divers use a snorkel when swimming on the surface. Scuba divers are trained in the procedures and skills appropriate to their level of certification by instructors affiliated to the diver certification organisations which issue these certifications. These include standard operating procedures for using the equipment and dealing with the general hazards of the underwater environment, and emergency procedures for self help and assistance of a similarly equipped diver experiencing problems. A minimum level of fitness and health is required by most training organisations, but a higher level of fitness may be appropriate for some applications. Historyedit. The Rouquayrol Denayrouze apparatus was the first regulator to be mass produced from 1. In this picture the air reservoir presents its surface supplied configuration. The history of scuba diving is closely linked with the history of scuba equipment. By the turn of the twentieth century, two basic architectures for underwater breathing apparatus had been pioneered open circuit surface supplied equipment where the divers exhaled gas is vented directly into the water, and closed circuit breathing apparatus where the divers carbon dioxide is filtered from unused oxygen, which is then recirculated. Closed circuit equipment was more easily adapted to scuba in the absence of reliable, portable, and economical high pressure gas storage vessels. By the mid twentieth century, high pressure cylinders were available and two systems for scuba had emerged open circuit scuba where the divers exhaled breath is vented directly into the water, and closed circuit scuba where the carbon dioxide is removed from the divers exhaled breath which has oxygen added and is recirculated. Open circuiteditThese were the first systems that became popular with recreational divers. They were safer than early rebreather systems, less expensive to operate, and allowed dives to greater depths. An important step for the development of open circuit scuba technology was the invention of the demand regulator. In 1. 86. 4, the French engineers Auguste Denayrouze and Benot Rouquayrol designed and patented their Rouquayrol Denayrouze diving suit after adapting a pressure regulator and developing it for underwater use. This would be the first diving suit that could supply air to the diver on demand by adjusting the flow of air from the tank to meet the divers breathing and pressure requirements. The system still had to use surface supply, as the cylinders of the 1. The first open circuit scuba system was devised in 1. Yves Le Prieur in France. Inspired by the simple apparatus of Maurice Fernez and the freedom it allowed the diver, he conceived an idea to make it free of the tube to the surface pump by using Michelin cylinders as the air supply, containing three litres of air compressed to 1. The Fernez Le Prieur diving apparatus was demonstrated at the swimming pool of Tourelles in Paris in 1. The unit consisted of a cylinder of compressed air carried on the back of the diver, connected to a pressure regulator designed by Le Prieur adjusted manually by the diver, with two gauges, one for tank pressure and one for output supply pressure. Air was supplied continually to the mouthpiece and ejected through a short exhaust pipe fitted with a valve as in the Fernez design,5 however, the lack of a demand regulator and the consequent low endurance of the apparatus limited the practical use of Le. Prieurs device. Fernez had previously invented the noseclip, a mouthpiece equipped with a one way valve for exhalation and diving goggles, and Yves le Prieur just joined to those three Fernez elements a hand controlled regulator and a compressed air cylinder. Fernezs goggles didnt allow a dive deeper than ten metres due to mask squeeze, so, in 1. Le Prieur replaced all the Fernez equipment goggles, noseclip and valve by a full face mask, directly supplied with constant flow air from the cylinder. In 1. German occupation of France, Jacques Yves Cousteau and mile Gagnan designed the first successful and safe open circuit scuba, known as the Aqua Lung. Their system combined an improved demand regulator with high pressure air tanks. Gagnan, an engineer employed by the Air Liquide company, miniaturized and adapted the regulator to use with gas generators, in response to constant fuel shortage that was a consequence of German requisitioning. Gagnans boss, Henri Melchior, knew that his son in law Jacques Yves Cousteau was looking for an automatic demand regulator to increase the useful period of the underwater breathing apparatus invented by Commander le Prieur,6 so he introduced Cousteau to Gagnan in December 1. On Cousteaus initiative, the Gagnans regulator was adapted to diving, and the new Cousteau Gagnan patent was registered some weeks later in 1. Closed circuiteditThe alternative concept, developed in roughly the same time frame was closed circuit scuba. The body consumes and metabolises only a small fraction of inhaled oxygenthe situation is even more wasteful of oxygen when the breathing gas is compressed as it is in ambient pressure breathing systems underwater.